Power, Ideology, and Terror in the Atomic Age Worksheet Essay

Power, Ideology, and Terror in the Atomic Age Worksheet - Essay Example Therefore, nuclear development defied power, such that the more weapons and bombs a country made the more the power it gained over the others. The number of countries producing nuclear weapons continued to increase where in1961, UK and France had successfully produced and tested nuclear bombs. In addition, at the end of 1964 China joined the list to become the fifth in nuclear bombs production. In 1968, 21 countries approved a non-proliferation treaty that prohibited any more production of nuclear bombs with the aim of creating a nuclear weapons-free zone. Lastly by 1991 more members had joined the treaty making the treaty the world greatest arms control agreement. There are three significant events that happened during the cold war that help define the war. These include Berlin airlift, Soviet invasion of Afghanistan and the fall of the Berlin wall. The first event on Berlin airlift occurred in 1948 where Germany was divided amongst the victors of World War two which are US, UK, France and Soviet. The second event on soviet invasion of Afghanistan occurred on 24th December 1979. This was a strategy since Soviet took advantage of the counties divided focus and instability to attack it without its knowledge. Lastly, the fall of Berlin wall that occurs in 1989. The fall of this wall symbolizes the ending of the cold warfare. The fall of Berlin wall do not only symbolize the ending of the cold warfare, but also the collapse and revolution of communism in Europe. For more than 40 years, the soviet had imposed community rules that had divided the west from the east. However, reformers under social movement and the ant-communist trade union put an end to this in 1998 to form a centralized and one Europe. The main factors that caused the collapse of communism were the reform movement and the solidarity of the reformist. In conclusion, this paper gives a clear description of the cold

Place name disambiguation pages Essay Example for Free

Place name disambiguation pages Essay Have you ever heard the saying, â€Å"Don’t judge a book by its cover and wondered what it meant? Sandra Cisneros, author of the short story, Salvador Late or Early, creates a frame of mind and brings fourth a sad and sympathetic feeling within the reader towards Salvador; who is a young boy with more weight on his shoulder than any average kid his size should have to bare. Cisneros uses imagery, diction, and characterizes Salvador as solitary, troubled, and as unnoticed child. Who takes on more responsibilities as a young boy than most would imagine at a glance, that any kid would have to endure. Author Sandra Cisneros uses simplistic tone to create a sympathetic frame of mind within the reader by using an range of imagery to grab the readers attention. Cisneros describes Salvadors responsibilities, the way he looks, and where Salvador lives leaving the reader tender in thought toward Salvador. â€Å"Inside that forty-pound body of boy with its geography of scars, its history of hurt, limbs stuffed with feathers and rags†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (Cisneros) illustrate a weak, flimsy young boy with no sense of hope or direction. Cisneros then goes on to state, In that vague direction where homes are the color of bad weather†¦, painting a dark cloud over the home of Salvador inside the readers mind. Cisneros never gives the reader a specific age for Salvador but we can tell from the diction being used along with the specific details given to us by the author that Salvador is a young boy given an incredible amount of responsibility. The reader can also assume that Salvador has a head of the house type role. Also the reader immediately picks up on how poor Salvador and his family are when Cisneros writes, combs their hair with water, feeds them milk and cornflakes from a tin cup in the dim dark of the morning. This all being done by the young Salvador and by this passage the reader picks up on a depressing feeling that leaves the audience fascinated and worried at the problems this young boy is in. Cisneros labels the main character with great detail that he has a past shrouded in problem and puzzlement which in turn, leaves the reader mind with the question of what could have happened to this boy that left him with such with such a burden to carry. Salvador whose name the teacher cannot remember, is a boy who is no ones friend,†¦ (Cisneros) this statement describes Salvador as a loner and not very out spoken considering his own teacher cant remember his name. In conclusion Sandra Cisneros creates a very graphic visualization of the characteristics that help the reader build an image and a diverse amount of feelings towards the character Salvador. Leaving the reader questioning the past of the young boy, which seems to eat away at his inner emotions and will continue to do so until there is nothing left but a empty shell of pain, and agony. Burdened at a young age with the role as the head of the household young, shy, Salvador is faced each day with obstacles not many his age must overcome. Filled with a past full of secrecy, Salvador pushes forward each day braving this storm not only for himself, but for his younger siblings and a Mama, who seems to be on her own also. Described as his limbs stuffed with feathers and rags, (Cisneros) a valid argument can be made that Salvador holds more than just pain, and agony within. One can argue that any young boy who has to burden the trouble and responsibilities that Salvador carries on his shoulders each day represents, the brave and determined will to go on not for himself but for the other he loves and that quality in anyone no matter size, or age makes them an amazing person.

Free Argumentative Essays: Euthanasia :: Physician Assisted Suicide

Euthanasia Euthanasia means gentle or easy death for those who are incurably ill and in pain. So should a person have the right to take another person's life or his own when he/she is incurably ill and in pain. That is what whole of Australia is trying to decide. The N.T all ready has passed a law that legalise euthanasia in that state. Now other government leaders and members are in support of this are pushing for an Australian euthanasia law. Christian Groups and Anti-Euthanasia have seen euthanasia as a sin and a choice that no-body should make. Some doctors have taken ill patients life's as a request from the patient should this now be openly done.    On the 18/06/96, The head of the NT chapter of the Australia Medical Association, Dr.Chris Wake, and Aboriginal leader Rev.Djiniynni Gondarra   put   forward the NT euthanasia law .But was dismissed by the NT Supreme Court. After appealing and with the support of three major party leaders the law was passed.   Prime Minister John Howard disapproved with the Law and saying that he has no problem reconciling his views on federalism with his views on life and death by voting to over turn the law. Also   Kevin Andrews was strongly not in favour and with Howard's support he  Ã‚   introduced a bill overriding the N.T laws. But still in the end the law was still standing. If our leaders are divided we could say that the citizens of Australia would have been divided on this Issue. Maybe a referendum would have been appropriate, but still euthanasia would still occur illegal and secrecy.    Christian groups and Christian have strongly supported their view on euthanasia , they have seen it as a sin. For a Christian his life is not just his because his life is part of god's. In the Bible, chapter of (Romans 14:18) it states "If we live ,we are responsible to the Lord and when we die we are responsible to the Lord. Both in life and death we belong to the lord. Christian view the death of a human person as their turn to meet god." As Christian Rights groups and Anti- euthanasia believe in   these views they have protested in a number of occasions

The Process of Video Game Design and Creation Essay example -- Gamin

Video games have become a substantial influence on the curriculum of the modern entertainment industry. From first-person shooters to role-playing games, the video game industry has became accessible to nearly every kind of player, whether it be a person who enjoys invigorating storytelling, or somebody who just wants to reduce armies into nothing more than bloody shrapnel. â€Å"†¦developing a ‘major’ game title can be a significant task – writers, game designers, sound designers, visual artists and more must work together to create the actual game.†(â€Å"The Process of Game Creation & the Game Design Document.") One thing not often taken into consideration, though, is the hard work and dedication that goes into many of the games people play. Every video game out there had to go through a rigorous process before it could reach the public’s hands. Every game usually starts out with a basic idea, a very basic concept, whether it is a story idea, or a game play idea. An idea might consist of something as simple as â€Å"A knight tries to save a princess from a monster,† or maybe â€Å"cars race with guns attached to their hull.† These ideas are so basic that one could argue a child could come up with them, but every idea has a start. Some games also draw inspiration from other media, such as movies or books, or television shows. A game play idea is only the start, though. This idea is usually put into a â€Å"Game Design Document,† a document that all the team members working on a game use to base their work off. Concept development is where the game starts to really become pieced together. â€Å"The concept development phase takes the germ of an idea for a game, works it up as a game outline, and tests it out on potential audiences.†("The Process of Game Cr... ...s into it. It requires a lot of work, polishing, and, when working with a staff, teamwork. Nobody makes a good game in one night. A single game may take years to complete. Not every game is great, but anyone who works in the industry understands what work goes into a game. It is not just, as one might say, â€Å"Fun and games.† Works Cited "The Process of Game Creation & the Game Design Document." Digital Worlds. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Aug. 2011. . "Brainy Gamer: The Cave Story story." Brainy Gamer. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Aug. 2011. . "Game Development Process - Design for Development."public wiki - Design for Development. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Aug. 2011.

Essay Writing Fashion’s Role in the Construction of Social Identities Essay

Fashion always played a big role in culture and personal identifying. It remains the main point in characterizing appearance and social status of the individual. As a cult, fashion always was a subject of interest on historical, sociological and cultural analysis. People always want to have a distinct way to characterize themselves within their appearance. During all the history of fashion its role in personal development remains very important and actual. This paper will deal with the concepts and ideas of fashion as an industry and social identity. First of all it is a crucial need to define the term â€Å"social identity†. Turner during his research stated, that this is a portion of an individual self-concept which is derived from perceived membership in a relevant social group. (Turner, 1986). It also predicts actual social behaviors in the groups according to their status and legitimacy in the intergroup environment (Taijafel, 1979). Regarding fashion as a symbolic way to express style and cultural identity, it also makes an impact on other levels of the social ladder. Choosing the look and appearance, person visualizes his or her identity. Nevertheless it can be not so concrete and even artificial. That is why sometimes prejudices upon different styles of clothing can generate negative and dramatic views of the society. Teenagers and other social groups have different ways of expressing themselves, and the main reason is to feel unique and belonging to certain areas and groups of interests. â€Å"People, sometime interact with objects, in this case garments, as if they are humans, sometimes because they want to show to others what they believe they represent† (Adelman, 2008). That is true, that cloth dictates a lifestyle of a person and visualizes his or her attitudes towards every aspect of the lifestyle. It also gives a reason to stereotype a look with distinct views and ideas. It can even cause a chaos in the society on a very large scale. The materials which are worn and carried on the body are obvious and with these, people create â€Å"social contacts† involved in the unstable interaction between the body and the outside world (Joyce, 2005;Turner, 1980). According to Crave and Bovone, dressing itself affects and reflects perceptions and attitudes towards â€Å"self† and has distinct characters acting as material objects, due to immediate contact with the body. It also acts as a filter between a person and the whole surrounding of a social world (Crane & Bovone, 2006). Speaking about fashion as a code, it should be regarded as a part of the social processes of discrimination, namely the reproduction of hierarchy`s position and prestige in a deeply unequal society. (Arvantidou, 2008). Gender identity and its development fully stand on the social constructs of garment and fashion is one of the factors of this cause. Fashion industry sometime is considered as a process of social discrimination and reproduction of hierarchy and prestige in one or another society. Most of teenagers have some difficulties with their own identities. Acting as a part of society, youth tries to dress in the way as the similar crowd does or a group of interests. Some individuals dress in different way – to show their uniqueness. Stereotypes and social thinking formulate according to changing fashion and appearance. The body as a changeable but visible outer limit of the self, as it formulates and operates Experience . It interacts with person’s actions and external environment of the society. Body, due to fashion, is regarded as a part of natural and intergroup relations. Our appearances and the human body are viewed as a symbol of society and historical period as it is characterized by it. On the example of the female body it is better seen because of cultural symbols preservation. The traditional costumes, all along human history, showed an appearance as a part of social identifying. In many parts of the world, women and men express a national idea and way of thinking. Patterns, garments as well as fabrics always meant particular qualities and features of a nation and country. National costumes changed the way of history, as it changed our way of thinking and our society. Nowadays there is a tendency to globalization. That is why there is no need in self-identification as one nation. Multiple national costumes, today play only decorative and historical role on festivals and other artistic and cultural events. Nevertheless, mass culture can dictate not only the look of a whole nation but also of an individual in his environment. Body and appearance are regarded as an individual. With a help of garments, jewellery and cosmetics a person can change his or her body and his or her individuality in the mind of other people. As garment is used to blur the boundaries of the body, it can blur some features in personal characteristics (Fisher & Loren, 2003). Every feature has a distinct stereotype and it varies in different counties and interest groups. Garments are not actual fixed elements that play the role of cloth to cover the body of a formed identity. They mostly formulate social identities that are expressed and naturalized in the body. Cloth and style itself characterizes mass way to express themselves as individuals. On the example of Twiggy we can see how social thinking changes towards human Looks and ideals. This icon of style in sixties changed human perception of beauty. She showed another way of expressing an identity and acting as a model. Before this, models where more feminine and sexy, but she made a first step in a new way of fashion appearance. Since then more and more models have androgenic look that attracts the public eye. Fashion reflects and even predicts concepts and ideas of the society. It is a cultural product with thousands of forms. The look transposes different concepts that are implied via the whole body of a person that wears it. It leads to a change of concerns of representation of and individual according to the change of his or her look. Fashion can express hidden personality to make an artificial appearance of the wearer. Cloth differentiates social groups according to their status, position, interests and creeds. To sum up it can be said that fashion has its unique role in formatting social thinking As it leads to changing people’s behaviour. A Person is judged upon the material, jewellery and cosmetics on her or his body. Stereotypes can lead to an individual status improve, but also can make harm. People try to discover themselves as personalities as early as it is possible, to take place in a particular niche of the society. In another way a person can be cut of society because of his or her look. Certain lifestyles and ways of thinking also depend on appearance that is why it is important to observe cloth as a part of social development. â€Å"You are what you wear† – this quote is true for every aspect of the human life and interactions of social groups. Due to this fact, every person regards him or herself as a part of a society and a part of a distinct environment.

Free Essays on Rotary Vs. Piston Engine

Nearly every car ever made uses one form of a four-cycle reciprocating engine. As with any engineering design the reciprocating engine has certain pro and cons. The rotary engine provides an alternative to the reciprocating engine while being similar enough to use much of the same mechanical principles. The purpose of any combustion engine is to create power by igniting a mixture of air and fuel in a controlled environment, or the engine block. There are three goals that the engine design needs to accomplish: how to get fuel and air into the combustion chamber, how to get extra power from the combustion, and how to remove the spent fuel and air from the chamber. This is done by what is know as the Otto cycle, which is composed of four strokes: the intake, compression, combustion, and exhaust. The reciprocating engine, or piston engine is composed of about forty simultaneously moving parts. Inside the cylinder there is a piston that is free to move up and down within the cylinder. There is also an intake valve on one side and an exhaust valve on the other. The intake valves opens, letting air and fuel into the chamber, and moving the piston downward. This is the intake stroke. The valves close, and the piston moves back upwards, shrinking the chamber and compressing the air fuel mixture. This is the compression stroke. The mixture is then ignited creating an explosion forcing the piston to move downward again. This is the combustion stroke, the only stroke that produces actual power. Once the piston reaches the bottom of the chamber the exhaust valves open, forcing the spent mixture or exhaust out of the chamber. The cycle is continuous, therefore the cycle will return to the intake stroke. This engine has two disadvantages. The only time the engine is gener ating power is when the piston is forced down by the combustion , this means that the piston must move up and down twice for each power stroke. The up and down ... Free Essays on Rotary Vs. Piston Engine Free Essays on Rotary Vs. Piston Engine Nearly every car ever made uses one form of a four-cycle reciprocating engine. As with any engineering design the reciprocating engine has certain pro and cons. The rotary engine provides an alternative to the reciprocating engine while being similar enough to use much of the same mechanical principles. The purpose of any combustion engine is to create power by igniting a mixture of air and fuel in a controlled environment, or the engine block. There are three goals that the engine design needs to accomplish: how to get fuel and air into the combustion chamber, how to get extra power from the combustion, and how to remove the spent fuel and air from the chamber. This is done by what is know as the Otto cycle, which is composed of four strokes: the intake, compression, combustion, and exhaust. The reciprocating engine, or piston engine is composed of about forty simultaneously moving parts. Inside the cylinder there is a piston that is free to move up and down within the cylinder. There is also an intake valve on one side and an exhaust valve on the other. The intake valves opens, letting air and fuel into the chamber, and moving the piston downward. This is the intake stroke. The valves close, and the piston moves back upwards, shrinking the chamber and compressing the air fuel mixture. This is the compression stroke. The mixture is then ignited creating an explosion forcing the piston to move downward again. This is the combustion stroke, the only stroke that produces actual power. Once the piston reaches the bottom of the chamber the exhaust valves open, forcing the spent mixture or exhaust out of the chamber. The cycle is continuous, therefore the cycle will return to the intake stroke. This engine has two disadvantages. The only time the engine is gener ating power is when the piston is forced down by the combustion , this means that the piston must move up and down twice for each power stroke. The up and down ...

Jamestown vs Plymouth essays

Jamestown vs Plymouth essays Despite the fact that the original British settlements in Virginia at Jamestown (1607) and New England at Plymouth (1620) were founded in the same relative time period, the two colonies differed greatly economically, politically and socially. Economically, Jamestown was originally wholly dependant on money from the crown and later became dependant on a single cash crop, tobacco, while New England became self sufficient by farming all of their own food. Socially, New England colonists were a close-knit religious group of Puritans that came to escape religious persecution in England. The settlers of Jamestown were upper-class nobles who went to America in search of gold. Politically, Jamestown was set up with a more centralized government and had direct rule from the king. Plymouth had a very decentralized government made by its very own social contract and had no direct rule by the king. Although both settlements were initiated by the same joint-stock company, the London Company of Virginia, the two colonies were extremely different economically. With the help of local Indians, the pilgrims were able to become economically self-sufficient. Farmers were able to produce their own food, many of whom produced excess which they used as trading power to get furs and other goods from the natives. Jamestown, however, was almost completely dependent on money from the British crown for materials. Later, with the help from John Rolfe, Jamestown was able to produce something of value to support itself: tobacco. Tobacco was able to command high prices in Europe, and Jamestown became dependent on a single cash crop. The two settlements also differed socially. The pilgrims came from a society of Puritans who already knew each other. This allowed these settlers to more easily create a close-knit, strong community. Because of the religious persecution these people received in England, the Pilgrims mostly came to America for religio...

ashely lebev Essay Example

ashely lebev Essay Example ashely lebev Essay ashely lebev Essay Ashley Lebedev She is a 30 -year-old Artist Fine Art Photographer, specializing in conceptual portraiture, abandoned buildings, and moodscapes. She is also a poet and a writer. Her favorite movie is Bright Star. Her favorite book is Water For Elephants. She was born in 1983. Ashley currently lives in Minneapolis. Before that, she lived in Minneapolis, MN from 2006 to 2007. Ashley Lebedev attended Norwood Ctrl High School in NORWOOD, MN and graduated class of 2001. After attending school for Commercial Photography, Ashley chose to venture away from conventional hotographic style, and developed a taste for telling stories through her photographs. Her style is best described as emotional, atmospheric and romantic, brought to fruition with a very specific and continued emphasis on vintage eras, forgotten buildings, and texture work. In early 2008, Ashley made the decision to stop shooting commercial photography to focus entirely on her passion of being an artist, relaying her personal vision through photos. Ashley resides in Minnesota and is currently showing both locally and nationally. Ashley Lebedev is nlike any photographer I know. Her style is unforgettable. She tells stories with her art and leaves viewers feeling like they have been kicked in the gut (or the heart). She absolutely loves creativity and passion. Passionate people passionate experiences really do it for her. She draws so much sustenance from everything around her. She draws an huge amount of inspiration from is the simpleness in nature. The best things in life really are free. The more she fills herself up with passion, simplicity, and nature the more she finds she can draw freely from own creative flow.

How is the music industry being affected by iTunes and similar Research Paper

How is the music industry being affected by iTunes and similar services - Research Paper Example This work "How is the music industry being affected by iTunes and similar services?" outlines how the introduction of iTunes, Amazon MP3, Napster, Zune Marketplace and Rhapsody have changed the music industry business. Instead of buying the whole CD just for one song people nowadays prefer buying their favorite single. Previously people were forced to buy the whole album of a particular artist or band on CD if they liked a particular song however now people have the choice of buying only the song they prefer instead of the whole album. This means that people save on their cost and can buy many more such singles instead of wasting their money on just a single album, whose songs they will hardly listen to except for that one song. Hence services like Amazon and iTunes allow people to choose amongst various songs from a plethora of songs in their database. With services such as iTunes, music has become increasingly accessible for the consumers. It is now very easy to transfer your favor ite song to your handheld device allowing you to listen to your favorite song on the go. Instead of going to the neighborhood’s music shop to buy the album that had your favorite song now you can just sit at home and buy your favorite song online. Artists who worked hard on making their whole album a success are at a disadvantage as others can easily steal their spotlight by introducing their one single hit and then disappearing into anonymity. This has led to a decline in the artists’ creativity.... This means that people save on their cost and can buy many more such singles instead of wasting their money on just a single album, whose songs they will hardly listen to except for that one song. Hence services like Amazon and iTunes allow people to choose amongst various songs from a plethora of songs in their database. With services such as iTunes, music has become increasingly accessible for the consumers. It is now very easy to transfer your favorite song to your handheld device allowing you to listen to your favorite song on the go. Instead of going to the neighborhood’s music shop to buy the album that had your favorite song now you can just sit at home and buy your favorite song online. Artists who worked hard on making their whole album a success are at a disadvantage as others can easily steal their spotlight by introducing their one single hit and then disappearing into anonymity. This has no doubt led to a decline in the artists’ creativity as we no longer s ee albums with all the songs that were a hit. On the other hand however, there has been an increase in the sale of individual songs because they are cheaper than the whole album. In fact by 2010, iTunes had sold 10,000,000,000 songs and the online music store is still going strong with consumers buying thousands of songs from the iTunes store every day. However the increase in sales does not add that much in revenue that it can offset the decline in revenue from the fall in sales of music CDs. In a study conducted by Elberse, she found out that for every one percent rise in the consumers who shift to buying music online there is a six percent drop in the sale of albums. Sales of a ‘mixed bundle’ (the album plus its single) fell from $15000 in 2005 to just $7000 in 2007 (a staggering

Fundamentals of early childhood education Essay

Fundamentals of early childhood education - Essay Example All young children, including those who have disabilities, are dependent upon the experiences and opportunities available within these everyday contexts as they build a solid foundation for development and learning. The assignment delegated to us was to experience and evaluate a child care facility with the view of gaining valuable knowledge on the operations of our future workplace. This I accomplished with such great eagerness as I was able to appreciate the environment. In the following sections, I will be detailing the information that I have garnered during the course of the study. I will be referring to the child care facility as "the center' and will be mentioning people by letters such as A, B, C and the like. This anonymity may seem to be confusing but it is necessary so as to avoid any conflicts that may arise. Lively, very caring, loving and also very cheerful- these are the traits that characterize the staff in the center. When I interviewed a caregiver on what was her ra tionale in caring fro the child, she said that it's necessary to imagine that you're a star. That is be focus of attention and the "twinkle, twinkle" star that brightens the night sky, comforting and inspiring with its presence and light The caregivers were very much sensitive as you can actually observe them tuning in to a child's behavior, taking time to notice and trying to understand what a baby or very young child wants to "say" with movements or sounds, with facial expressions or gestures. Children find all sorts of ways to express their wants, their interests, and their pleasures without ever speaking a word. They notice these cries, hums, kicks, reaches, frowns, chuckles, squeals and gurgles and begins to understand them as clearly as speech. They are also very prompt in responding to a child. A prompt response is one that follows the child's behavior as quickly as possible. Their actions are also very appropriate as they shape her interaction by matching the young child's behavior as closely as possible in terms of features like the loudness or softness of their voice, the level of emotion in their expression, and the kinds of gestures they make. 2.2 Health and Safety With regards to health and safety, the center is very much prepared and has accreditations and permits from different health agencies. These documents were shown to me. The measures they have installed include emergency policies, provisions, and education for staff, children, and parents. In managing injuries, for example, they follow these steps: survey the scene, assess the injured child, provide immediate care for the child including first aid, notify parents, obtain emergency medical care if needed and document and report the incident and actions taken. I was also told that the caregivers communicate sensitively with the injured child and other children during and after injuries and brief their parents to address their fears and concerns. They also have provision for safety surveillance, medication administration, medical emergencies, dental emergencies, first aid, emergency contacts such as police, fire, ambulance, poison control, child protective services, notifying parents, transporting children, evacuation of the site and emergency shelter (e.g., for fire, storm, earthquake, bomb threat, power failure) and dangerous parent situations (e.g., non-custodial parent, intoxication, threat of violence,

Compare and contrast the experiences of the former colonies and Essay

Compare and contrast the experiences of the former colonies and developing countries in the twentieth century to the earlier new nations in the Americas in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries - Essay Example While earlier colonisers were fully in charge of the governance of their colonies before 18th and 19th centuries, twists of events were experienced in the neo-colonialism period (Strayer, 2012). This was in the 18th century through 19th century. In the 18th and 19th centuries, â€Å"new nations† in the Americas were generated. The colonial powers in these centuries ceased their harsh rules to the developing countries. The developing countries or the former colonies, therefore, became sovereign and fully in control of their social, political and economic resources. This research paper compares and contrasts the experiences of the former colonies and developing countries in the 20th century to the â€Å"new nations† in the Americas in the 18th and 19th centuries. Formers colonies and developing countries in the 20th century were ruled by realism policies while the new nations in Americas were under idealism policies (Strayer, 2012). The former colonies were governed by iron fist. This is a case where colonial governments did not recognise the sovereignty of colonies and their citizens. The new states, on the other hand, emerged due to the struggle for liberation from the colonial governance. The Pan Africanism movement, for example, was the epitome of â€Å"new nations’† origin (Strayer, 2012). New nations in the 18th and 19th Centuries are sovereign states with recognitions in the international relations while the former colonies never had such recognitions. The idealism policies’ governing the post-colonialism new nations believes in the enlightenment process in the international system. The realism, on the other hand, was composed of the self-interest realist colonial powers, which never believed in the enlightenment process or even humanity. Realism majored on their excessive and unrestricted power imposition on their colonies (Strayer, 2012). Indeed this absolute power

Social Entrepreneurship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Social Entrepreneurship - Essay Example es mainly address the social needs in the society through offering products and services that aim at meeting the cultural, social and environmental needs in the society (Paton, 2003 p. 89). The bank commenced operations in 1984 providing trade union banking services while observing the founding principles. The trade unions offered provided equity capital of 1.25 million pounds while the Co-operative Bank added 2.6 million pounds to the start up capital. In the first year, the bank operated as a licensed deposit taking institution providing its clients a range of banking services. In the first year, the balance sheet figures in terms of assets grew to over 40 million pounds with the deposits reaching 35 million pounds. The Bank offered a rights issue in 1986 thus enabling more trade unions to buy shares. Fifty-eight trade unions were now members of the bank. After the passage of Public services (social value) Act 2012, Birmingham has experienced the emergence of many social enterprise s. The Act enables the stakeholders to become members of the social enterprises and introduces several tools for the identification of the social impact (Price, 2009 P. 52). The major responsibilities of social enterprises include encouraging community involvement, encouraging of equal opportunities and supporting a green economy. Social enterprises should also encourage sustainability initiatives like recycling and encourage fair trading practices (Doherty & Thompson, 2006 p.40). Social enterprise based organisations have innovative and people-friendly solutions that aim at creating positive change in the society unlike the traditional corporate world that is geared at profit maximisation (Nicholls, 2006 p.18). Most social enterprise based organisations work with poor communities and provides the staff with flexible working schedules. According to the UK department of Trade and Industry (DTI), socially based enterprises have primary social objectives whereby the surplus is reinvested

Choose from description below Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Choose from description below - Research Paper Example Lee is a Correspondent at the Alberta University - Edmonton Clinic Health Academy. Her article focuses on driving whilst on as an emerging problem that needs urgent solutions. Body Summary The articles exclusively center on the regulatory laws that have placed limitations on the use of the cell phones by the drivers. It is evident that a majority of the states have embarked on a mission to ensure that the mobile phones are handled properly by the concerned drivers whilst on the roads. Despite the laws ranging from one state to another, the laws focus on a recommendation of the use of hands free devices by the drivers. On the other hand, Strayer  & Drew  argue that as a result of the constant use of the mobile phones by the drivers, a lot of accidents have been seen to take place as drivers on phone are likely to over speed, break other traffic rules or even fail to stop for police checks (646). With driving taking the toll of using one hand, while the other is busy texting or rec eiving a call, Lee argues that a lot of lives have been lost as a result of the same (7728). The costs of distracted driving in this case cannot be quantified especially if the lives of innocent individuals have to be at stake. Lee argues that at times, a lot of drivers are at pressure to be connected, an aspect that makes it almost an obvious behavior in the roads today (7723). The author also insists that the problem is a growing one (Lee 7725). It is evident that one of the major causes of deaths and injuries greatly correlates to this form of driving by the drivers. This explains why a lot of states have then embarked on the implementation of legislations that see to the banning of the handsets for the drivers. Drivers on phone were also said to be slower and to also lose focus whilst driving especially after a phone call (Strayer & Drew  641). It is at this juncture that the authors recommend legislation on the ban of cell phones whilst driving (Strayer & Drew  644). Collet , Guillot & Petit are of the opinion that mobile phones lead to the drivers reacting slowly to responses whilst in the traffic environment (590). They also have minimal control and less attention for visual information whilst driving; thus, cannot focus on one activity (593).Legislation on the use of mobile phones amongst other measures like education would therefore be vital in the responsible use of the phones by the divers. Critique The articles analyzed in this work are ones that may be termed as valid and reliable as reference materials in relation to the theme topic. Collet, Guillot & Petit’s article is one that involves review studies on the topic so as to valid that legislations would be useful for present-day drivers. The authors shed light on the major effects on driving using a phone at the same time judging from the simulator works and field research. Its introduction gives a brief summary of the article and what will be explained in terms of applicable data to au thenticate that mobile phones need to be restricted. The conclusion then summarizes the facts; thus, leading to the commendation that drivers need to correct their behaviour which can be facilitated through restrictions on the use of mobile phones whilst driving. Lee’s work, on the other hand, starts from an abstract that gives the outline of the article. The author then gives guidelines on how to deal with concerns in the topic, highlights on the dangers of driving while on phone, gives solutions to this menace and lastly gives a detailed conclusion

Social Entrepreneurship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Social Entrepreneurship - Essay Example es mainly address the social needs in the society through offering products and services that aim at meeting the cultural, social and environmental needs in the society (Paton, 2003 p. 89). The bank commenced operations in 1984 providing trade union banking services while observing the founding principles. The trade unions offered provided equity capital of 1.25 million pounds while the Co-operative Bank added 2.6 million pounds to the start up capital. In the first year, the bank operated as a licensed deposit taking institution providing its clients a range of banking services. In the first year, the balance sheet figures in terms of assets grew to over 40 million pounds with the deposits reaching 35 million pounds. The Bank offered a rights issue in 1986 thus enabling more trade unions to buy shares. Fifty-eight trade unions were now members of the bank. After the passage of Public services (social value) Act 2012, Birmingham has experienced the emergence of many social enterprise s. The Act enables the stakeholders to become members of the social enterprises and introduces several tools for the identification of the social impact (Price, 2009 P. 52). The major responsibilities of social enterprises include encouraging community involvement, encouraging of equal opportunities and supporting a green economy. Social enterprises should also encourage sustainability initiatives like recycling and encourage fair trading practices (Doherty & Thompson, 2006 p.40). Social enterprise based organisations have innovative and people-friendly solutions that aim at creating positive change in the society unlike the traditional corporate world that is geared at profit maximisation (Nicholls, 2006 p.18). Most social enterprise based organisations work with poor communities and provides the staff with flexible working schedules. According to the UK department of Trade and Industry (DTI), socially based enterprises have primary social objectives whereby the surplus is reinvested

Research report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Research report - Essay Example The study also found that majority of customers prefer to receive information about the new supplier via post and then by salesperson visit. Presence on the web have has also been selected. It is recommended that information be sent via post and published via web. These customers can then be followed up by salespersons for generating business. We found that 74% of customer have been approached by 0-2 suppliers for their business and 42% of customers have never switch suppliers in the last five years. This means that if the new supplier is able to market the service in accordance to the top 3 desired and top 3 existing attributes, these customer can move over to the new suppliers. 64% of the customer who have switched suppliers over the last five years indicated that they have been approached by a supplier for their business. This indicates that the general trend of the market is to be approached by the new suppliers rather than approaching the supplier with their business. For the analysis, the age of the sample has been broken down into three groups – below 30, 30 to 60 and over 60 years of age. In this sample, we found the majority of respondents between the age of 30 and 60 ( at 42%), closely followed by respondents below the age of 30 ( at 30%) and then respondents over the age of 60 (at 28%). Major of the respondents fall within the income bracket of $50,000 and above (at 64%) compared to respondents with income below $50,000 (at 36%). Considering the income bracket, the sample is unevenly distributed across various respondent profiles. During this analysis, the masses with income lesser than $50,000 are under-represented, so are females. In terms of age, the 30 to 60 age group is dominant, however this is required since this is the age group which would normally be found as a familys decision maker age group. The positive implication of these limitations is that the actual decision making age group is largely represented but the

Floods in India Essay Example for Free

Floods in India Essay India, being a peninsular country and surrounded by the Arabian Sea, Indian Ocean and the Bay of Bengal, is quite prone to flood. As per the Geological Survey of India (GSI), the major flood prone areas of India cover almost 12.5% area of the country. Every year, flood, the most common disaster in India causes immense loss to the countrys property and lives. India Flood Prone Areas The states falling within the periphery of India Flood Prone Areas are West Bengal, Orissa, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Assam, Bihar, Gujrat, Uttar Pradesh, Haryana and Punjab. The intense monsoon rains from southwest causes rivers like Brahmaputra, Ganga, Yamuna etc. to swell their banks, which in turn floods the adjacent areas. Over the past few decades, central India has become familiar with precipitation events like torrential rains and flash floods. The major flood prone areas in India are the river banks and deltas of Ravi, Yamuna-Sahibi, Gandak, Sutlej, Ganga, Ghaggar, Kosi, Teesta, Brahmaputra, Mahanadi, Mahananda, Damodar, Godavari, Mayurakshi, Sabarmati and their tributaries. Though the north-Indian plains prone to flood more, the India flood prone areas can be broadly categorized in three divisions: Besides the Ganga, rivers like Sarada, Rapti, Gandak and Ghagra causes flood in eastern part of Uttar Pradesh. The Yamuna is famous for flooding Haryana and Delhi. Bihar experiences massive dangerous flood every year. River Burhi, Bagmati, Gandak, Kamla along with many small rivers contribute to that. In West Bengal, rivers like Mahananda, Bhagirathi, Damodar, Ajay etc. causes floods because of tidal effects and insufficient river channels. * Brahmaputra and Barak Basins: The river banks of Brahmaputra and Barak gets flooded due to the Surplus water found in the Brahmaputra basin and the Barak basin. These rivers along with their tributaries flood the northeastern states like West Bengal, Assam and Sikkim. Jaldakha, Teesta and Torsa in northern West Bengal and rivers in Manipur often overflow their banks. * Central India and Deccan Rivers Basin: In Orissa, spilling over of river banks by Mahanadi, Baitarni and Brahmani causes havoc. The deltaic area formed by these three rivers is thickly populated. Even some small rivers of Kerala and mud stream from the nearby hills add on to the destruction. Southern and central India observes floods caused by Narmada, Godavari, Tapi, Krishna and Mahanadi due to heavy rainfall. Cyclonic storms in the deltaic regions of Godavari, Mahanadi and Krishna even floods the coastal regions of Andhra Pradesh, Orissa and Tamil Nadu occasionally.

India As A Tourist Destination Tourism Essay

India As A Tourist Destination Tourism Essay The term marketing has a very important meaning in the area such as retailing, branding and other similar areas such as event marketing. On the other hand, marketing in tourism and hospitality sectors are still legging comparing with the other areas. In this paper, different elements of tourism marketing will be explained with the help of understanding the concepts of marketing theory and research within tourism and hospitality sectors (Williams, 2006). Tourism is broadly defined as a business activity which is connected with providing accommodation, service and entertainment for people who are visiting a place for pleasure, recreation, leisure, business and so on (Chaudhary, 2010). It becomes an integral part of todays lifestyle. Hence, tourism marketing is also one of the important sectors where more effort and concern has been given to increase the standard of tourism all over. The reason behind this new trend is due to the increase of cross-cultural activities and due to the pass ion of people for visiting new destination. Also, the volume of tourism activity and the value is increasing compare to holiday destinations. This creates an inconsistency between tourism demand and supply, thereby creating under-utilized tourism capacity (Kaynak Kucukemiroglu, 1993). Position: Scope and the Objective of the study This paper discuss about the different marketing concepts which are used in tourism marketing and their application to generate different marketing strategy. In this paper, India has been chosen as the holiday destination. Hence all the research and analyze has been done to identified different marketing strategies to increase and promote Indian tourism all over. Scope and Objectives: The objectives of this research are as follows: To study the  theoretical  framework for marketing in tourism and the concept of marketing  strategy  in the tourism  industry this includes: PEST analysis, marketing mix,  segmentation, targeting and positioning. Conduct surveys and analyze India as a holiday destination and compare it with other  holiday destination To explore the perception of India as tourist destination Global Tourism Industry Todays era, the tourism Industry is booming all over the world. Tourism has become one the significant ingredient of mankind. A new tourism industry is rising which is driven by new consumers, new technologies, new ideas and new management techniques (Poon, 1993). The opportunities in the tourism industry are increasing with time and it is considered that at the end of 21st century, the tourism industry will generate more than 500 million employments whole over the world which will results in the increase of GDP by the tourism industry upto 15% (LCS Parking, 2012). Emerge of special marketing concepts including special tourist segments where the special segment refers to the the provision of customized leisure and recreational experiences driven by specific interests of individuals and groups (Sung, 2004) increases the number of tourists all over. According to the UNWTO World Tourism Barometer, despite of economic crisis in some of the major outbound markets around world, the total n umber of international tourists travel between the January to April 2012 is more than 285 million which indicates a growth of 5.4% compare to the last year (UNWTO, 2012). The main consideration of the World Tourism Organisation (WTO) is to provide with the best possible facilities and service for a distinct and specific need of the tourists (Sung H. H., 2004) and ensure benefits for consumers, business, local people and the environment. To provide the best facilities there is an immense change in the Tourism Industry (World Travel Tourism Council, 2012). The infrastructure and accommodation is one of the key sectors of the tourist industry. Even the advanced and sophisticated communication technology helps the actual and potential tourists all over with their expectations, personalities, and ever-changing needs (Pyo, Uysal, Chang, 2002). Expected Result of the study Literature Review A General Overview of Tourism What is Tourism Marketing? A product can be idea, goods, or service. Since the tourism industry is primarily a serviced-based industry, the main products provided by tourism business are recreational experiences and hospitality. This are intangible products and much more difficult to market than the tangible product. The intangible nature of services makes quality control difficult but crucial. It also makes it more difficult for potential customers to evaluate and compare service offerings (Chaudhary, Indroduction to Tourism Marketing, 2012). In addition, instead of moving the product to the consumer, the customer must travel to the product (area/community). Travels forms a significant portion of time and money spent in association with tourism experiences and is a major factor in peoples decisions on whether or not to visit a place (Vukonic, 1983). Tourism marketing or the marketing in relation to tourism means the process of achieving voluntary exchange between: Tourist who want to appreciate/ experience product and service. Organisations which put together and offer the product and service. The WTO defines tourism marketing as a management philosophy that in the light of tourism demands makes it possible through research, forecasting, and selection to place tourism product on the market most in line with the organizations purpose for greater benefits. Nature of Tourism Marketing Marketing is different perspectives that provide an understanding of the nature of marketing and tourism marketing (Panda, 2009). Marketing is an activity: Marketing is explained as an activity that is carried by a marketer to give its offer to customers. For example, marketing of a tour packages involves assembling the package, promoting it, and arrange it for sales. The focus in this perspective is to make the activity cost-effective and efficient. Marketing is an economic process: Marketing generates revenues directly through transactions and indirectly through its multiplier effect and employment generation. Here efforts are made to maximize economic benefits. Tourism marketing in its initial phase focused on economic benefits. Marketing is a social process: Marketing as a social process involves interaction and relationship between participants coming from different walks of life and society. The social process make host-guest relationship an important part of tourism marketing. Right to travel and pro-poor tourism have developed in response to the different social process. Marketing in managerial process Marketing is considered to be a business function that undertakes all managerial functions of planning, organizing, directing and controlling to carry out different activities. Overall, marketing can be combined together. It can be the economic, social, managerial process and activity at the same time. However, its different natures may dominate at different times. Process of Tourism Marketing Tourism marketing is a cycle process that begins with the understanding of drives, needs, wants and demands of tourists who are satisfied through suitable offers by entering into an exchange process with the marketers. The feedback of exchange is used by both the parties for the future relations. The different elements of a cyclic process give an insight of tourism marketing. Capture.PNG Fig: Tourism Marketing Process Understanding Needs, Drives, Wants and Demands of Tourists It is very important to know the tourist behavior as it will helps in delivering desired satisfaction. This begins with the identification of their needs, drives, want and demands. Need: Need is the felt gap between the existing and the desired state. Need motivates a person to act when it reaches the threshold level and it can be both physical and psychological. Marketers identify the need of people that direct their tourism behavior and offers alternatives to satisfy their needs. Maslows framework can be used to understand these needs. It divides the human needs into five categories of physical, safety, love and esteem and self-actualization. Tourists need a minimum acceptable level of food and accommodation at a place before travel. Safety need is reflected in the form of tourists need for law and order. That makes tourists avoid places of war, terrorism and conflicts. Need for love is the acceptance of tourists in the host society. In most of the cases, tourists prefer open societies than closed one. Esteem needs are tourists expectation that the host society would understand their importance and recognize the same. Lastly, self-actualization is undertaking trips that always been dreamt. Drive: Drive is the force created by needs. Unsatisfied needs create tension that drives the consumers to look for solutions. These solutions take the form of specific products. Buyers search for the best solution for their needs. The stimuli present in the environment give direction to drive. Want: Want is an expression of need in the specific form. Want are the thing which someone like but not really necessary. The need of recreation, leisure people generally tend to go for holiday. Marketers fit into the want framework other by redesigning offers or by assisting buyers in learning about new forms of product, services or idea. Demand: Demand is want accompanied by the purchasing power. It decides if the buyer has enough money to purchase. Demand changes with prices, substitutes, marketing efforts, inflation levels, income, etc. Demand can be created by building the purchasing power. For instance, when the demand for air travel has gone up than companies has introduced budget airlines. Growth of Tourism Marketing Tourism marketing evolved with the growth of tourism. The concept of tourism is very old, but its modern organized form started in the eighteenth century. Earlier, travel was undertaken for business and religious purpose. Tourism as a full- fledged a full- fledged business did not exist. Its marketing started with the first organized tours offered by Thomas Cook in 1841. Evolution of Tourism Marketing: Tourism marketing and its orientation has changed with the growth of tourism. Internationally, tourism came of age in 1950 and since then has seen a continuous change in the approach towards its development (Wang Pizam, 1998). The stages of tourism development and the corresponding marketing approaches are discussed below. Boosterism approach in the 1950s: It was the beginning of modern tourism and the emphasis was on boosting the tourism activity. This approach was based on the following assumptions towards tourism. Tourism is inherently good and should be developed. Cultural and natural resources should be exploited for tourism develop Economic Planning approaches in 1960s: As a result of the efforts of the earlier phases, the economic potential of tourism was well understood and new assumptions towards tourism were as follows. Tourism is like any other industry. Tourism can be used to create jobs, earn foreign exchange, and improve terms of trade, encourage regional development, and overcome economic disparities. Physical and spatial approach in the 1970s and the 1980s: The earlier approaches resulted in the massive growth in the massive growth of tourism. Mass tourism was not without consequences and its negative impacts on environment became visible and well known. This changed the earlier assumption of it being inherently good and harmless and new assumptions were formed. These were as follows. Tourism is a resource user. It exploits and destroys the natural resources used as tourism attractions. There has to be an ecological basis for its development to preserve the natural resources and tourism attractions. Tourism development can be geographically distributed to reduce the impacts. Community approach in 1990s: As tourism continued to developed, their social impacts were noticed. Particularly the local communication felt alienated. There were inconvenienced by the growth of mass tourism and were not in a position to decide on tourism development. As a result, tourism was opposed. It led to the focus on the following assumptions. Local community control on tourism development in the area is needed. Need for balanced development of tourism and search for alternatives to mass tourism. Social impact of tourism on a community and their attitudes toward tourism should be understood. Sustainable approach in the 1990s: Large-scale tourism development forced tourism planners to think of tourism development in a more holistic manner where the economic, environmental, and socio-cultural issues could be balanced. The concept of sustainable tourism was adopted for this purpose. The assumption for this approach is that a suitable balance must be established between environmental, economic, and socio-cultural dimensions of tourism development to ensure its long-term sustainability. Marketing orientation too becomes socio- environmental to balance the interests of tourism, marketers and the environment (Verbeek, Bargeman, Mommaas, 2011). Marketing Concepts for Tourism The marketing concept holds that achieving organizational goals depends on knowing the needs and wants of target markets and delivering the desired satisfactions better than the competitors do. Under the marketing concept, customer focus and value are the two important paths to sales and profit. Hence, the marketing concepts depend on the determining the needs and wants of target markets and delivering the desired satisfactions more effectively than competitors do (Kotler, Armstrong, Wong, Saunders, 2008). Different marketing concepts are used in tourism industry are as discussed below. PEST Analysis in Tourism Market It is important to know about the market environment first for any marketers. In tourism this competition is fiercer, since the competition is almost in the destination of various states as well as countries. Market environment refers to the constitute forces which exist in the environment and influence the customer decision making. For scanning the tourism-marketing environment in India, the PEST (Political, Economic, Social and Technological) Political Environment: Political environment influence tourism marketing through pressure groups, policies, rules and regulations, and legislation (Bennett Strydom, 2001). Pressure Group: These groups in society use political influence for the furtherance of certain issues. Green groups work for ecotourism, consumer group for tourist protection, cultural groups for protection of heritage and culture, industry groups for reduction of taxes and so on. These try to influence law-making bodies to create a suitable mechanism to address their concern. Law and Policies: The government regulates tourism with the help of laws that govern its different sector. The government creates policies as guidelines to provide direction for the development of tourism. For instance, the Tourist Policy 2002 guides tourism growth in India. Rules and Regulations: Rules regarding land allocation for hotels and tourism development, tax concessions, permits, registrations of tour operators and travel agents, open sky, budget airlines, and tourism police gives a direction for tourism growth. Economic Environment: The general economic environment of a country influences any economic activity. Growth of new sector: Growth of new sectors, such as information technology (IT), travel and tourism, retails and banking has given jobs to young people. This income is finding its outlet in recreation, including travel and hospitality. Growth of economy: Growth of new sectors lead to growth of economy. Easy availability of foreign exchange: Increase of foreign tourism leads in increase of foreign exchange. Social Environment: The social environment decides buying patterns of the tourists and the response of the society to tourism. The socio-cultural environment of a place decides the holiday choices regarding the type of destination, activities, duration of holiday, expenditure pattern and so on. Group behavior: Indians are group oriented. This makes group travel acceptable and likable. The reference group in framing opinions is also very important. Lifestyle changes: Globalizations has changed the lifestyle of people. People take tours frequently for a change and rejuvenations. Technological Environment: Technology has completely altered the way the tourism business is conducted. Transportation: Transportation technology has given faster and better vehicles to facilitate the movement of tourists to far off places. Information and communication Technology (ICT): Major changes have been introduced by information and communications technologies in tourism. Internet and online distribution systems have been improved. Marketing Mix in Tourism Market Tourism Product Tourism product is a mix of tangible and intangible elements. Kotler (1984) conceptualizes product as anything that can be offered to a market for attention, acquisition, use, or consumption that, might satisfy a want or need. It includes physical objects, service, persons, places, organization and ideas. This takes the concept of product beyond physical objects and can very well include tourism. Medlik and Middleton (1973) conceptualize tourism product as a bundle of activities, services and benefits that constitute the entire tourism experience. The bundle consists of five components: destination attractions, destination facilities, accessibility, images and price. According to Smith (1994) a tourism product consists of five elements in a series of concentric circles. The core is tangible and more controllable by management but the outward progression marks more intangible elements and greater consumer participations. The tourism product is a synergistic combination of these elements. These elements are as follows. The physical plan: This is the core of a tourism product where the main attraction is produced. It can be natural such as landscape or waterfall, or facilities such as conference hall, theme park, hotel, etc. Service: Service refers to the performance of specific tasks required to meet the need of tourism. A hotel needs management, front desk operation, housekeeping, maintenance, and food and beverage provisions to function as a hotel. Hospitality: Consumers expect enhanced service or something extra. Hospitality is that extra provided over professional service. Freedom of choice: It refers to the necessity that the traveler has some acceptable range of options for a satisfactory experience. Involvement: This is participation by consumers in some degree in the delivery of service. Tourism is known to be a participative activity. Hegarty (1992) explain tourism product through the following components. Environment: It is the raw material of tourism that gives a tourist destination its particular appeal. It has natural, cultural, and social elements. Activities: These are based on and derived from the environment. Foe example, trekking, rafting, sightseeing and so on. Accommodation: A tourist must have a place to sleep and eat Transport: There must be ways of getting around the destination. Services: There are various services that support tourism such as information, health, booking and customs. Infrastructure: Tourism cannot work without basic infrastructure like roads, airports, telecommunication and medical support. Destination Life Cycle and Tourism Area Life Cycle: The concept of life cycle is applied to destination as TALC (Tourism Area Life Cycle) or DLC (Destination Life Cycle). It is defined as stages a destination goes through, from exploration to involvement, development, consolidation, stagnation, rejuvenation, or decline (Howie, 2003). Tourism Area life cycle.PNG Fig: Tourism Area Life Cycle Butler (1980) proposed the tourism area life cycle model of a tourist destination that identifies the stage of exploration, development, consolidation, stagnation, and decline. Exploration: This is the beginning of the destination for tourist activities. At this stage the destination is relatively unknown and visitors initially come in small numbers restricted by lack of access, facilities and local knowledge. Development: The destination see development of amenities as more people discover them and word spreads about the attraction. Stagnation: Tourists arrivals grow rapidly some theoretical carrying capacity which involves social and environmental limits. The rise of exploration to stagnation often happens very rapidly, as implied by the exponential nature of growth curve. Decline or Rejuvenation: A destination would decline if it follows trajectories C, D, and E as shown in the above Figure. This will happen if the very attractions that created the destination are lost. However, it may continues to draw some tourists with increased consumption and unsustainable development but not for very long. Tourism pricing: Price is the momentary value decided for exchange of goods and services between the buyers and sellers. Both parties want maximum benefits from this exchange. Factors Influence Tourism Pricing Tourism pricing is influenced by a large number of factors relating to supply, demand and the environment. The cumulative effect decides the final price. Supply-side Factors: Supply of tourism services is characterised by perish-ability, geographical restrictions, and domination by intangibles, and with consumption that takes place instantly with production. All this affects pricing. The specific supply-related factors affecting prices are discussed below. Perishable: Tourism services tend to perish if not consumed. For example, if a place has a carrying capacity for 5,000 tourists per day, it will host 35,000 in a week. It cannot host all tourists in one day. Hence, tourism services are to be consumed as and when produced. To bear the cost of maintaining supplies throughout the year, the prices may fluctuate. Intangible: Tourism Services are dominated by intangibles and putting a momentary value for these is very difficult. Intangibility is used by the hotels to price rooms differently depending upon various factors. For example, room facing sea will be perceived differently from the one facing a road. Geographically restricted operations: All tourism services come defined with geographical constraints. For example, a diners clientele can get services at a particular place only where the diner is placed. Tourists can enjoy a national park only after getting there. This limits the potential of the restaurant and the park only to the people who get there. Fixed Capacity: Tourism supplies have a fixed capacity. In tourism, supplies are limited; hence prices tend to rise in relation to demand. For example, in a hotel double room cannot accommodate more than two people. Substitutes: Availability of substitutes increase total supplies and tourists shift to different options for reasons such as higher prices, non-availability, and so on. For example, paying guest accommodation is being a substitute for storage of hotel rooms. However, all components of tourism cannot have relevant substitutes. Costs: Costs decide the minimum level of revenue to be charged from the buyers. But if the costs are high because of inefficiencies of production, prices too are unreasonably high. Cost of tour packages are often not in the hands of marketers, when most of the components are bought from other suppliers. Both fixed cost and variable costs are accounted for pricing. Actively-based costing (ABC) is used to calculate costs in tourism. Competition: Competition in the market increases supplies, reduce inefficiencies and bring down prices. Demand-side Factor: Tourists option about services affects demand as well perception of price. The specific demand-related factors affecting prices are discussed below: Value Perception: Value perception of price is subjective and varies among and within market segment. It also varies with time and location. Level of Demand: The level of demand impacts prices. High demand leads to high prices as tourists compete among themselves for the experience. Demand Pattern: Tourism demand often marked by seasonal fluctuations with majority of tourists travelling during the tour season for the best experience. As a result, demand exceeds capacity in peak period and facilities remain underused in the off season. Prices are adjusted to the match the demand pattern and also to influence demand to balance it with supply. Environmental Factors: External environment constitutes many forces that directly or indirectly shape demand and supply factors and price. Tax Structure: The tax structure in the form of surcharges, airport tax, luxury tax and service tax adds to the cost and the final prices. Consequently, when the service tax rate is changed, final prices changes immediately. Market Structure: Type and level of competition in the market has a direct bearing on price. Competition can be easy or intense, negative or positive, with similar or dissimilar, government regulated of free. Less competition results in higher prices whereas the healthy competition leads to reduction of prices. Government Policies: Marketers have to abide by government policies on price. For example, India has a dual price policy wherein foreigners pay in dollar and Indians in rupees. Price is the momentary value of goods and services and fixing this value right is critical for the success of a firm in the market. The cost-based, buyer-based and competition-based methods are commonly used in tourism industry. Once a price-level is determined, pricing strategies are used to respond to the continuously changing environment. The strategies often used are market skimming, market penetration, price-quality combination, discount pricing, geographical pricing and differential pricing. Tourism Promotion: Promotion mix is the combination of different methods of promotion. Each method is suitable under different conditions and a right combination can be very powerful. Tourism promotion is persuasive communication for the target market. It follows the general rules of human communication and applies it to marketing (Jayapalan, 2001). The goal of promotion is to contribute to marketing goals but it has its specific objectives in terms of attitudes and sales behavior of the market. Promotion is carried out with the help of different methods and together these are called promotion mix. Important Promotional Tools in Tourism A few promotional tools, such as brochures, events and movies are more apt for tourism because of their distinct nature. Brochures: Brochures are popular form of promotion used for direct sales. These are defined as booklets or pamphlets used for sales and promotion. This has the following advantages. It targeted more specifically. If retained, it will have greater reminder value. It can also have secondary or pass-along audience. Events: Events are organized occasions of significance. They are used to promote and highlight the tourism potential of a destination. The following and many more types of events are used for promotion tourism. International trade fair: This fair bring large number of buyers and sellers to a place, and who are likely to spread the word about the products showcased there. Cultural fair: Destination-specific festivals like carnival etc., brings a large number of tourists to these place. Cultural events: Cultural events, such as film festivals, dance shows, musical events, etc., brings destination in news. Sports events: Sports events, such as Common Wealth Games, show that tourism can be promoted in the different city in the country. Tourism Distribution Tourism distribution is transfer of tour and associated facilities from the suppliers to the tourists through the tourism distribution system. It delivers many benefits to the tourists. These are as follows. Accessibility and availability: Attractions are made available conveniently by arranging transfer of tourists. Information: Tourists get information about places, flights, trains, routes and so on. Counseling and advice: Tourist may not be able to decide about travel destinations and plans and may ask for advice. Arrangements: Tourists want arrangements to be mad for them so that they have minimum hassles on tour. People in Tourism People are an important content of tourism marketing mix. The tourism experience depends upon sellers, tourists, other service providers, residents, and tour group member. Some people understand the importance of tourism but others may not and their behaviors or encounters with the tourists might spoil the whole tour experience. Customer can look for one time encounters or relational long-term encounters. In long-term encounters, customers get attached to the service provider or brand. Long-term relations give marketers a brand-loyal market and consumers get good service. The difficulty is created in encounter with the other service providers, tour group members, and other tourists at the destination who are not directly concerned with marketing. These too have to be marketed the idea of creating a good service environment. The main focuses of the firms are discussed below. Internal environment: The main focus of the firms remains its internal environment and it manages its employees and customers for the same. Transactional Intervention: It is use to improve and control employee behavior. It includes building awareness, training in relationship building, behavioral flexibility and professionalism, empathy, interpersonal skills non-verbal communications and improved physical surroundings. Customer relationship management: It implies entering into, building, maintain, and sustaining relation with customers. Process in Tourism Marketing Process is an important element of tourism marketing mix because of the service-intensive nature of tourism. Tourism service process or delivery of tourism service involves procedures, task schedules, mechanisms, activities, and routines by which a product or service is delivered to a customer. It is an operating system of workflow activities and their integration. The main objectives of service delivery are to build improved, simplified, real-time, on demand, guaranteed, cost-effective service. The process of service delivery includes activities and flows, procedures, mechanisms of transfer, time and cost of transfer, and involvement of tourists in transfer. Physical Evidence in Tourism Physical evidence performs specific functions in tourism and form an integral part of the marketing strategy. The important functions performed by evid

ADHD Medication and Children Essay -- health, disorders

Not being able to keep still, talking out of turn, and not being able to resist temptation are many traits of a child under the age of twelve; also, the symptoms of a child diagnosed with ADHD. Though there isn’t a test to determine whether or not a child has ADHD many psychiatrists are quick to incline that the child may have this behavioral disorder even though they could just be acting like children. Not only are psychiatrists too quick to diagnose they’re also quick to prescribe medications that have high risks of causing behavioral changes and disruption of the chemical balance within the brain. Children under the age of twelve should never be diagnosed and/or prescribed medication for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Many people don’t even know what attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is. According to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ADHD is one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders for children. It causes children to be hyperactive, act without thinking, have trouble focusing, and have problems paying attention to instructions. Since many children have these symptoms without having ADHD, Kingsley explains in more detail: Of course, all kids (especially younger ones) act this way at times, particularly when they're anxious or excited. But the difference with ADHD is that symptoms are present over a longer period of time and occur in different settings. They impair a child's ability to function socially, academically, and at home. (Kingsley, MD) This could cause a problem with parents and children alike especially when the child becomes enrolled in school considering that school requires a lot of attention. There are three different types of ADHD: Predominantly Inattent... ...ol and Prevention, 17 Jan. 2014. Web. 04 Mar. 2015. "Medications: Using Them Safely." KidsHealth. Ed. Yamini Durani. The Nemours Foundation, 01 Nov. 2011. Web. 03 Feb. 2015. Paddock, Catherine, PhD. Michigan State University. "Nearly one million children in U.S. potentially misdiagnosed with ADHD, â€Å"Science Daily. Science Daily, 17 August 2010. Web. 05 Mar. 2015. "Psychiatric Medication for Children and Adolescents Part III: Questions to Ask." Psychiatric Medication for Children and Adolescents Part III: Questions to Ask. American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Nov. 2012. Web. 03 Feb. 2015. Robinson, Lawrence. "ADD / ADHD Medications." ADD/ADHD Medications: Are ADHD Drugs Right for You or Your Child? N.p., Sept. 2013. Web. 02 Feb. 2015. Shute, Nancy. "Neurologists Warn Against ADHD Drugs To Help Kids Study." NPR. NPR, 14 Mar. 2013. Web. 05 Mar. 2015.

Strategic Analysis of Pepsi :: Business Case Studies

The growing demand for more healthy goods has naturally delayed several sectors of the beverages industry. While consumers have turned to bottled water and juices rather than carbonated drinks in the soft drinks market, consumers concern over alcohol consumption has affected demand in the alcoholic drinks sector. This trend has affected the alcohol sector much more than the soft drinks sector with the exception of wine consumption because it is being proved by scientists that it may reduce the risk of heart disease with a moderate consumption. While there are only few new markets to expand into, the market for soft drinks is globally well exploited. There are few factors that suggest trivial forecast for growth. However, demand continues to grow. Before the end of the current decade, the soft drinks market is expected to surpass the alcoholic beverages market, which constantly has shown lower growth than the beverage industry market in general. While product innovation has stimulated some growth within the industry during the 1990s by introducing new plastic bottles, innovation is slowing within the soft drinks industry recently. Since1997, in terms of market value, the global beverages market grew by 1.7% in 2002 to reach a value of $1,060 billion, and an increase of 16.6% in the global beverages market is predicted by the year 2007 to reach a value of $1,236 billion. In terms of market volume, the global beverages market grew by 3.4% in 2002 to reach a volume of 551 billion liters, and an increase of 20.5% is forecasted by 2007 to reach a volume of 664 billion liters. Even though all sectors of the beverage market are generally dominated by big companies, the soft drinks market is quite different in terms of its competitive position. The soft drinks market is dominated by two global giants: Coca-Cola and PepsiCo. Even though innovation and brand extension strategies have played big role in the recent years within the soft drinks sector between major competitors, market leader Coca-Cola is still concentrating its efforts on the traditional carbonated drinks market with respectable success. It is absolutely difficult for new start-up companies to enter the soft drinks market because it requires a huge financial resources as well as logistical infrastructure that need to rely on. The most important asset for all of the top current players continues to be the brand, and this is where Coca Cola really have the edge.

Esl felt

I felt very sad about this test because I spent a lot of time to prepare this test. After class, I asked my professor why did I get low grade. The professor told me check the essay again, and asked me to check our rules. Moreover. I still could not understand what does it mean, so I took my essay to the professor's office and asked her what is wrong with it. The professor told me we need to write academic essay, not the personal essay, but I still wrote the personal essay, It Is not my professors require Therefore, I fall this essay.The professor also old me I have a lot of wrong grammar and spelling, and I have a big problem that is I did not have a thesis statement. I was confuse about this problem, and I still do not know how to write It. The professor explained to me what Is thesis and what Is academic essay about one and a half hour. I am very thankful my professor so much because I understand how to write it. At home, I spent a lot of time to review it. A few weeks later, we ha ve another In class essay, and the require Is to write a knowledge that the professor told me last time, and I followed the rules and utilized he skills I have learned.First, I did a brain storm to write down all my ideas and details. Then, I started to write my first draft. After I am done, I double checked on it and wrote my final essay. A few days later, I got my essay back, and saw my grade. It is a C. It means I pass it, even it is not a high grade. But, I still happy on it because I improve my writing skills. In conclusion, after I took this class, I learned I have to utilize the skills I have learned, and follow the rules and require to get a high grade.

Meaning of Life and Jeremy Fink Essay

A) MEANING OF LIFE – BY JEREMY FINK. B) CHARACTERS: JEREMY FINK, LIZZY MULDOON, MRS. FINK, MR. MULDOON, MR. OSWALD, SAMANTHA AND RICK, JAMES AND MR. FINK. CONFLICT: THE CONFLICT IS ABOUT JEREMY TRYING TO FIND FOUR KEY’S THAT WOULD OPEN THE BOX WHICH HIS DAD LEFT IT FOR HIM FOR HIS THIRTEEN BIRTHDAY PRESENT WHEN HE DIED AND JEREMY IS TO FIND THE KEY THAT WOULD FIT ALL FOUR SPOTS IN THE BOX BEFORE HIS THIRTEEN BIRTHDAY. SETTING: HAPPENS IN MODERN DAYS IN NEW YORK CITY. BASIC SITUATION: JEREMY AND LIZZY TRY TO FIND THE KEY BEFORE JEREMY’S THIRTEEN BIRTHDAY. C) PLOT: JEREMY SEE’S THE POSTMAN WITH A BOX ADDRESSED TO HIS MOM. JEREMY TAKES THE BOX AND OPENS IT TO SEE A BOX. WHEN HIS MOM COMES AND SEES HIM WITH THE BOX HIS MOM TELLS HIM HOW THE BOX WAS HIS PRESENT HIS DAD LEFT HIM FOR HIS THIRTEEN BIRTHDAY AND HAD TO FIND ALL FOUR OF THE KEYS THAT WOULD OPEN IT BEFORE HIS BIRTHDAY COMES. LIZZY AND JEREMY GET IN TROUBLE AND THEY HAVE TO DO COMMUNITY SERVICE. THEN THEY MEET MR. OSWALD WHO TRIES TO HELP THEM. THEIR COMMUNITY SERVICE WAS TO DELIVER STAFF TWO NEW PEOPLE WHICH THEN THEY GET TO MEET NEW PEOPLE. D) CLIMAX: IS WHEN LIZZY AND JEREMY OPENED THE BOX AND DISCOVERED HIS FATHER’S MEANING OF LIFE. E) FALLING ACTION: IS WHEN JEREMY OPENS THE BOX AND FINDS IT FULL OF STONES. JEREMY THEN REMEMBERS HIS FATHER HAD COLLECTED EACH STONE AT EACH IMPORTANT EVENT OF HIS LIFE. F) RESOLUTION: IS WHEN JEREMY FIND OUT THAT MR. OSWALD, JEREMY’S MOM, THE MAILMAN, AND LARRY FROM LARRY’S LOCKS WERE ALL IN JEREMY’S DAD’S PLAN TO GIVE JEREMY THE BOX AT THE RIGHT TIME AND SO THAT HE WOULD HAVE TO LOOK FOR ALL FOUR OF THE KEYS, ALTHOUGH MR. OSWALD HAD THEM ALL ALONG. BY HAVING THIS PLAN HIS DAD KNEW THAT JEREMY WOULD MEET NEW PEOPLE AND GET TO EXPERIENCE DIFFERENT THINGS HE WOULD NEVER DO. G) POINT OF VIEW: FIRST PERSON BECAUSE THERE IS TOO MUCH FEELINGS AND EMOTION IN THE BOOK. H) PERSON VS PERSON- JEREMY AND LIZZY AS THEY TRY TO FIND THE KEYS TO THE BOX. PERSON VS SOCIETY- JEREMY AND THE SOCIETY MEETING NEW PEOPLE TO TRY TO FIND THE KEY TO THE FOUR HOLES. I) THEME: A LESSON THIS STORY TEACHES ABOUT LIFE IS TO NEVER GIVE UP, AND ALWAYS BE MOTIVATED TO DO SOMETHING YOU KNOW YOU REALLY WANT TO DO. J) SIMILE- AS HARD AS IT CAN BE WITH HOPE ON THE WAY. SIMILE- LIFE IS AS EVENTFUL AS A JOURNEY. METAPHOR- NO PAIN, NO GAIN.

Social Contract Theory by John Rawls Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Social Contract Theory by John Rawls - Essay Example Social contract theory gives a suggestion of a simple first step in assessing the ethical values that human beings can use to build a just society (Freeman 44). In this case, it elaborates that, people should assume that they do not know their race, age, wealth, intelligence, and gender among other things. This paper will seek to explain, evaluate, and describe the important features of the social contract theory and determine its state of argument as well as its plausibility. Most importantly, one of the social contract theory features proposes two ethical principles. The first one puts across that, everybody has a title to a certain equal basic rights, which comprise of personal security, freedom of association, and liberty. The second one state that, even though there may be economic and social inequalities between people, people must base these inequalities on what a person does, not whom he or she is, and there must be an equal opportunity for achievement for everyone. Additiona lly, social contract theory gives an approach based on ethics (51). This approach envisages itself with moral consequences of a person’s actions as opposed to morality of the actions themselves. For a person who cares about the consequences of his or her actions, lying itself is unethical. However, one must use the consequences of lying to evaluate their ethical implications of lying. The argument As described, the two main features of social contract theory include the state of nature describing nature’s original position and the reasons made by occupants supporting their decisions regarding moral principles. In social contract theory, disagreements take place on both fronts of contractors. With that respect, one can develop many descriptions of the original position of nature. Given that, Rawls thought why not allow such people some jealousy and make the original position of nature altruistic. In his claims, Rawls set out that people in the original position fail to take risks (57). Nevertheless, they may trust that some risk taking is reasonable. In their original position, people do not take risks because they are greedy and fearful. Social contract theory rests on a sound argument because of the fact that, when people are in self-sufficient state of nature, they become relatively peaceful. Their problem arises when they cannot characterize which state of nature gives them the best vantage point and/or the best sense of a consent that is philosophically pure. In addition, the second feature of the social contract theory revolves around people’s acceptable principles, which happens to be a genuine problem. Probably, it is possible to define people in the original position as if they would accept a particular set of principles over the others. Implicitly, these people must contain principles in order for this to be the case. Nonetheless, this begs for the question that people want to discover the proper principles of justice. They want t o discover what principles can free, equal, and rationale people can accept. At this point, it is agreeable that, this theory rests on a sound argument due to the setting that, a social contract theory agreement is not actually an agreement. It is however, a philosophically purified agreement that is usually among the hypothetical people (84). It uses the original posi

Advertising Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Advertising - Essay Example Advertising has changed over time, and advertising of the  present  time is not as the same what advertising used to be sixty years ago. In this paper, I will look at how the techniques used in advertising have changed over the years while some aspects still maintain the  appeal, as well as analyze how advertising works. The  gradual  technological advancement over the years has bought with it  modern  forms of advertising such as the use of the internet. However, in all the developing aspects of advertising media, there is still that appeal that advertisers use to get the attention of potential customers. According to  Fowles  (2011), advertisers usually  target  the  psychological  needs of consumers through their use of graphics and texts based on the emotional point of view. Advertisers take advantage of the fact that people have deep-lying desires and that individuals  privately  yearn for certain things to  present  their propositions in the most  appealing  ways. They do this by creating images in the minds of consumers about how  good  they will  feel  when they finally  satisfy  their  longing (Fowles, 2011). An advertisement contains a  combination  of both texts and graphics but in some cases, only texts or graphics. When there is the use of textual components in advertisement, one has to make sure that the words used  bring  out the message in the best way possible. Bovà ©e et al. (2009) suggest that the services of a copywriter, as unknown to many, are  extremely  crucial in the success of an advertisement. Copywriters know how to play around with words that capture the attention of  possible  buyers and promote the merits of products and services to the consumer. They combine the various aspects of textual components to make sure that when the advert is finally out, everything flows well, and the intended  message  is clear to all. Coming up with an effective

Research Paper on Paul Robeson Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

On Paul Robeson - Research Paper Example Paul had three brothers and one sister and during their childhood life, they faced many problems since his father lost his job due to racial conflict and three years later, his mother died in a fire tragedy at home. In his high school life, Paul participated in many activities such as basketball, football and singing and he dominated very well in all the disciplines. Boyle and Bunie (45-77) said that, after graduating from high school, Paul won a scholarship to join Rutgers University between 1915 and 1919 and became the third African- American students in the history of Rutgers University. In the campus, Paul joined various clubs among them being debate club, a university football club and other athletic clubs where he balanced his activities excellently. He scooped an awarded as the best footballer of the year and he had a great talent in singing whereby he went to perform on and off the campus. At the height of his performance on the campus, Paul’s father felt very ill and Robeson had no option but to take the full responsibility of his father who soon succumbed to illness. When he finished campus, he won awards in athletics and academics and his classmates greatly exhorted him and vowed to fight equality of all Americans. Boyle and Bunie (78-101) claimed that, Robeson then joined New York university school of law but shortly transferred to Columbia school of law in 1920 and joined national football league. Paul dated Eslanda Goode and after courting for one year, they got married and at this time, he had already started acting. He started singing while in the campus and after 1922 he ended his football career and decided to continue with his music career. After a few months, Paul graduated as a lawyer and he exercised his career as an advocate for a few months and quitted due to excessive racism in the field. Robeson decided to take a role in acting where he participated in various theatre acting and during this time, his wife Essie supported him in various social functions. He acted in theaters such as The Emperor Jones and in All God’s Chillum Got Wings and the success of acting landed him into an elite circle and finally rose to fame after a great assistance from his wife. Later his wife quitted her job and became an agent of Paul her she steered him to act in the films and he participated in movies such as body and soul. Paul ventured into music and in collaboration with a very famous gospel singer and attended concerts. After some time, Paul went to London to act in the films and singing and at this time, he participated in several films among them being Show Boat and Song of Freedom (Boyle and Bunie 102-105). He became politically involved when he struggled against fascism from 1937 to 1939 during the Spanish civil war. After Second World War, Robeson returned to America where he acted as an entertainer in a radio station. After execution of four Negros, Paul Robeson urged the president of America to stop legislati on of this law of lynching and this was his turning point to the political arena (Boyle and Bunie 379-401). After 1950, the American government cancelled Robeson’s passports, it also denied him to attend televisions shows and a

Article Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Article Summary - Essay Example It is evident that these companies exploit loopholes to avoid taxes even when Britain and Germany have announced their plans to get fair share of taxes from them. The article then analyses the case of each of the companies separately. Starbuck’s share of contribution to UK taxes over 13 years was only 8.6 millions even though the worlds biggest coffee company recorded sales of 3.1 billion pounds during the period. The most shocking fact reported by Reuters is that the company has not paid any income tax in the nation during the past three years. However, the company delegates hold that they always follow the tax rules correctly and are ready to pay their fair share of taxes. In the case of Google, even though the company had a sale of $4 billion in 2011 the tax paid by the company was only 3.4 million pounds and it has been identified that the company â€Å"avoids UK tax by channeling non-U.S. sales via an Irish unit† (Bergin). In the same way, the filings by Amazon als o show that the company paid just less than 1 million pounds of tax the previous year even though it had sales worth $5.3-7.2 billion in UK. It is thus evident that the company also avoids taxes through unfair means. The author concludes the article by emphasizing the need for new revenue-based tax to ensure that such international companies pay their fair share of taxes to the UK economy without

Clinician Attitudes toward Borderline Personality Disorder Essay

Clinician Attitudes toward Borderline Personality Disorder - Essay Example This study aims to prove that often, even the mental health clinicians dealing with BPD have less than sympathetic views on the disorder. The study is correlational, because there are no experimental techniques used. Correlational studies look to show the relationship between variables and results. This study looks to see correlation between sub-types of clinician, years worked in mental health care and number of patients with BPD cared for in the past year and the attitudes toward patients with BPD. It is also a cross-sectional study, in that it provides information on attitudes at a certain point in time. The questionnaire was distributed to all relevant clinicians at all nine centers simultaneously, and thus all responses were formed at a similar point in time. The study provides no information on how the variables may affect the participants over time (and is thus not a longitudinal study). The subjects were 706 mental health clinicians (clinicians in this case being an umbrella term for nurses, physicians, social workers, psychologists etc.) from 9 different academic centers. Every clinician within these centers was provided with a questionnaire, and the 706 respondents were those that replied – they were a self-selecting sample. The issue with this is that there may be a subtype of person who is more likely to respond to this type of survey – they may have more time available than others and thus may be more understanding of patients with BPD.... However, the aforementioned subtype of clinician likely to respond and the very nature of questionnaires mean that any responses lack true ecological validity. The primary variables, as defined by the study, were the specific subgroup of clinician (psychiatrist, psychiatry resident, social worker, staff nurse, nurse practitioner/physician assistant, psychologist, and â€Å"other†), the number of years having worked with mental health patients, and the number of patients with BPD that the individual has worked with over the past year. The secondary variables or covariates were the gender of the individual and the center at which they worked. In my opinion, the primary variables were reasonable for this study. The specific subgroup opinion was part of the hypothesis (the coordinators of the study made predictions such as ‘social workers will have more caring attitudes’) and thus was a key variable. The number of patients with BPD that the individual has worked with is also key. The number-based variables were assessed in groups, such as 0-5, 6-10 etc., and again this is a reasonable measurement, although there are some issues where a clinician has worked in the area for 5 years – the individual may have attitudes more similar to the 6-10 group. The subgroup variable was also useful as it had a diverse range of roles available, although the â€Å"other† group may be too ambiguous and provide results that need further probing. The main problem with the study is the fact that the subtype of clinician was highly variable in the number of respondents – 227 psychiatrists responded, compared to only 17 nurse practitioners. This means that any conclusion formed from the responses